Question: question 1 which of the following statements about homo erectus...

Question 1

1. Which of the following statements about Homo erectus fossils is not true?

   		Homo erectus fossils show a thickening of the skull wall, probably as an adaptation to game hunting.
   		Homo erectus fossils indicate increasing hunting proficiency.
   		Homo erectus fossils are often found associated with Acheulian stone tools.
   		Homo erectus fossils have hyperrobust chewing muscles and broad, flat molars.
   		Homo erectus fossils show increasing reliance on cultural adaptation.

10 points

Question 2

1. Which of the following statements about australopithecines is true?

   		Australopithecines had a higher incidence of rickets than genus Homo.
   		Australopithecus had smaller molars than genus Homo.
   		Australopithecines probably relied more on the use of tools than did the early Homo.
   		Australopithecus was the most geographically widespread of all hominid genera.
   		The australopithecines as a group inhabited the earth longer than any other hominid genus.

10 points

Question 3

1. Which of the following statements is not one of the reasons discussed in the text regarding
   how bipedalism is an adaptation to grassland environments?

   		Bipedal posture increased the hominids' ability to extract tubers and other root crops from the soil.
   		Bipedalism is a more efficient means of traveling long distances.
   		Bipedalism freed the hands from locomotion allowing for increased tool use.
   		Bipedalism was an adaptation to heat stress caused by greater exposure to sunlight on the savanna.
   		Bipedal posture increased the hominoids' ability to spot food and predators, since they could see over the grass.

10 points

Question 4

1. The presence of very large molars and a sagittal crest on the top of the skull is evidence of

   		a probable adaptation to a cold weather climate exhibited by Neandertals.
   		the earliest hominid use of domesticated plants.
   		the earliest australopithecine evidence of human-like brain organization.
   		the dramatic increase in hunting activity starting with the earliest members of the genus Homo.
   		hyperrobust australopithecines' adaptation to food sources dominated by hard- shelled seeds and grasses.

10 points

Question 5

1. In 2009, a newly reported Ardipithecus find-a fairly complete skeleton of A. ramidus, dubbed Ardi (4.4 m.y.a.),

   		replaces Lucy (3.2 m.y.a.) as the earliest known hominin skeleton.
   		lived in a dry savanna habitat.
   		stood about a foot shorter and weighed half as much as Lucy.
   		is the new undisputed oldest hominin fossil.
   		is the ancestor of Homo but not australopithecines.

10 points

Question 6

1. Oldowan pebble tools

   		were found at the same site and stratigraphic layer as the Ardipithecus kadabba fossils, dramatically pushing back in time the onset of stone tool use to the late Miocene.
   		contain evidence that they were used on fellow hominins, providing the earliest evidence of human warfare and cannibalism.
   		include elaborate axes and spears.
   		were also used to decorate burial sites, suggesting very early symbolic thought.
   		represent the oldest formally recognized stone tools.

10 points

Question 7

1. Which of the following is not a location where australopithecine fossils have been found?

   		Ethiopia
   		Tanzania
   		Kenya
   		Gibraltar
   		South Africa

10 points

Question 8

1. Which of the following was a key obstacle that hominins' increase in brain size had to overcome?

   		larger skulls demanding more elastic birth canals, even though the requirements of skeletal development during a woman's lifetime limit the elasticity of birth canals
   		the challenges of walking with a head that is too heavy
   		overcoming the trend of clumsy locomotion that makes hominins vulnerable to predators
   		overcoming the trend of ever more self-sufficient children eager to separate themselves from their mothers
   		larger skulls demanding larger birth canals, even though the requirements of upright bipedalism impose limits on the expansion of the human pelvic opening

10 points

Question 9

1. Which of the following species was found in South Africa?

   		Australopithecus boisei
   		Australopithecus robustus
   		Australopithecus anamensis
   		Ardipithecus ramidus
   		Australopithecus afarensis

10 points

Question 10

1. What does the extinction of the australopithecines suggest?

   		They were eventually unsuccessful in competing for available resources with early populations of Homo.
   		The broad-spectrum revolution was not adaptive.
   		They had no social organization.
   		They were a short-lived, transitional stage between apes and humans.
   		They are relatively unimportant to the study of human evolution.